In a Japanese sentence, the smallest unit a word can be split into without losing its meaning and function is called
Hoping with といいです
といいです is used to express a desire for something nice to happen for someone. This has a meaning of “I hope (desired outcome).” The preceding verb is in its stem form.
Expectation with はず
はず expresses the expectation that something should or is sure to take place. It follows a verb or adjective, and is often followed by だ.
はず is followed by なのに when things don’t turn out as expected. Variations of this are なんだけど, なのだが, and なのですが.
Presuming with だろう and でしょう
Presuming or supposing something, with no particular information or evidence to back up that position, is expressed by appending だろう (from だ) or でしょう (from です) to a noun, verb, or adjective. As an expression, it has the meaning of “I wonder” or “don’t you agree?”
Likening things with みたい
Something is likened to another thing joining them with みたい. The second word is said to be like the first. みたい is similar to attaching “-like” to a word in English.
Doing for a reason with ～ように
ように following a plain (dictionary) or ない form of a verb indications the purpose of or motive for an action. It is similar to “so that” or “in order to” in English.
Not at all with 全然～ない
The adverb
Objective reason with ので
ので expresses an objective reason for an action. The clause providing a reason is before ので, and the clause after is the result. ので places emphasis on the effect. It is similar in meaning to “since” or “because”, but by its objectiveness it can also be considered to mean “by the fact that” or “from the fact that”.
When ので follows a non-conjugating word (a noun or な adjective), it is written なので. When following a conjugating word (verb or い adjective), ので by itself is used.
Wasted effort with せっかく～のに
せっかく and のに are used together when great effort has been put into something, yet that effort may be going to waste.
Taking advantage of an opportunity with せっかく～だから
せっかく and だから are used when a rare or unexpected situation has come up, and it would be a waste not to make use of it.
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